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Home > Ordnance Documents and other related manuals > > Modulus of Elasticity
Figure 1. Tensile, Shear, and Compressive Strength: Malleability: Elasticity; and Ductility
Brittleness.

Metal Properties, Characteristics, Uses, And Codes
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METAL PROPERTIES, CHAR, USES, AND CODES - OD1643 - LESSON 1/TASK 1
(c) The yield strength is the number of pounds per square inch
required to produce deformation to the yield point.
(3) Modulus of Elasticity.  The modulus of elasticity is the ratio
of the internal stress to the strain produced.
It expresses the
stiffness of a material.
For steel and  most metals, this is a
constant property and is affected very little by heat treatment, hot
or  cold  working,  or  the  actual  ultimate  strength  of  the  metal.
According to Hooke's Law:  "The degree to which an elastic body bends
or  stretches  out  of  shape  is  in  direct  proportion  to  the  force
(stress)  acting  upon  it."
But,  this  law  only  applies  within  a
certain range.
(4) Ductility.  Ductility is the capacity of a material, such as
copper,  to  be  drawn  or  stretched  under  tension  loading  and
permanently deformed without rupture or fracture.  Specifically, the
term denotes the capacity to be drawn from a larger to a smaller
diameter  of  wire.
This  operation  involves  both  elongation  and
reduction of area (figure 1, view E, on the following page).
(5) Malleability.  Malleability is the property of a metal to be
deformed  or  compressed  permanently  without  rupture  or  fracture.
Specifically, it means the capacity to be rolled (figure 1, view F,
on the following page) or hammered into thin sheets.  The property of
malleability is similar to but not the same as that of ductility, and
different  metals  do  not  possess  the  two  properties  in  the  same
degree.
Lead and tin are relatively high in order of malleability;
however, they lack the necessary tensile strength to be drawn into
fine wire.  Most metals have increased malleability and ductility at
higher temperatures.  For example, iron and nickel are very malleable
when heated bright-red.
(6) Plasticity.
Plasticity is the ability of a metal, such as
gold, silver, or lead, to be deformed extensively without rupture.
This property, together with strength, are considered to be the two
most important properties that a metal can possess.
(7) Toughness.  Toughness is a combination of high strength and
medium ductility.  Toughness is the ability of a material or metal
to  resist  fracture,  plus  the  ability  to  resist  failure  after
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